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Ethereum’s new 10-year “Lean Ethereum” roadmap targets full decentralization, quantum resistance, and massive scalability, with Fort Mode for defense and Beast Mode for throughput.

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A Lean Ethereum glossary for beginners: First, what is a blockchain? Picture a giant public notebook that lives on many computers at once. > Everyone can write a new line, but only if the group agrees on the handwriting being legitimate/legible. > Each finished page is stamped shut, numbered, and then the next page starts. > Because every computer keeps its own full copy, cheating would mean convincing thousands of people to change their pages at the same time: very hard to do. That public notebook is the blockchain. Ethereum is one such notebook that also lets you run little programs (smart contracts) inside the pages. Three main jobs inside the notebook 1. Consensus: all the computers validate so they share the same next page. 2. Data: the finished pages plus any extra attachments. 3. Execution: the little programs that run when lines are added. Lean Ethereum is a plan to upgrade all three jobs so the notebook stays safe forever and handles far more writing per second. Super-simple glossary Blockchain – the shared public notebook described above. Consensus – the group vote that decides what the next page says. Transaction – a single line someone wants to add to the next page. TPS (Transactions Per Second) – how many new lines fit every second. Quantum adversary – a future hacker with a quantum computer that can break today’s secret codes. Next generation cryptography – new secret codes chosen so even quantum computers cannot crack them. SNARK – a tiny maths receipt that proves work was done correctly without showing all the work. Hash based post quantum signature – a digital autograph made only with hash functions, believed to be safe from quantum hacking. Data Availability Sampling (DAS) – instead of every computer downloading a huge attachment, each one checks random puzzle pieces. If enough pieces look good, everyone trusts the full picture exists. zkVM – a virtual playground where a program runs and automatically spits out a SNARK to prove it ran right. Blob / Blobs 2.0 – a cheap, flexible sticky note that can be stapled to a page to hold extra data. Version 2.0 uses quantum-safe glue. Gigagas / Teragas – dream traffic goals: gigagas per second on the main notebook (about ten thousand TPS) and teragas on side notebooks (about one million TPS). Beacon chain 2.0 / Lean consensus – a redesigned traffic-light system that finalises pages in a few seconds while staying very hard to attack. Finality – the ink on a page is dry forever; nobody can erase or redo it. RISC V – an extra-simple computer instruction alphabet that makes SNARK proofs smaller and faster. Layer 1 (L1) – the main notebook. Layer 2 (L2) – side notebooks that batch their lines and add summaries back to the main one. CL / DL / EL – shorthand for the three jobs: Consensus Layer, Data Layer, Execution Layer. Hash function – a digital blender that turns any input into a unique fingerprint. Aggregate signature – many digital autographs squeezed into one short autograph. KZG commitment – the older maths glue used for blobs that is being replaced by hash based commitments. Fort mode – the defensive goal: the notebook must stay online and unbreakable for centuries. Beast mode – the offensive goal: let the notebook process millions of lines per second without losing its open, shared nature. How all these pieces fit together: Lean Ethereum says use hash functions everywhere, adopt quantum-proof signatures, and split upgrades across the three jobs. The result should be a notebook that never goes down (fort mode) and never slows down (beast mode). With this, Ethereum becomes both an unbreakable fortress and a lightning-fast highway for the next hundred years.

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🚨🇺🇸 CALIFORNIA TSUNAMI WAVE HEIGHTS RELEASED The U.S. Tsunami Warning Center forecasts waves up to 4.8 feet in Crescent City and 3.7 feet in Port San Luis. Fort Bragg could see waves between 0.7 and 1.3 feet. Most other areas, Monterey, San Francisco, Santa Barbara, Los Angeles Harbor, Newport Beach, La Jolla, and Oceanside, are expected to experience waves under 1 foot. Times range from 11:50 PM on July 29 in the north to 1:15 AM on July 30 further south. Source: @PolymarketIntel