Climate change drives an increase in vultures, leaving cattle ranchers without any safe haven
American cattle ranchers are facing a growing challenge from black vultures, a federally protected species that is rapidly moving northward as a result of climate change and human expansion. Previously limited to the southeastern United States and parts of Latin America, these birds are now attacking young livestock and interfering with farm routines, leaving ranchers struggling to cope. Andrew Farnsworth, a visiting researcher at the Cornell Lab of Ornithology, noted that milder winters and shifting habitats have allowed black vultures to flourish in areas that were once inhospitable. "They excel at locating food and remembering those locations," he explained, pointing out that roadkill, cattle operations, and suburban growth have all boosted their food supply, according to
The fact that black vultures do not migrate seasonally makes the issue worse. Unlike many birds that travel with the seasons, black vultures settle and breed in new areas, establishing permanent populations. This has left ranchers like Tom Karr from Pomeroy, Ohio, with no escape. Ten years ago, Karr lost a calf to vultures and changed his calving season to later in the year, only to discover the birds stayed all year long. "They basically eat them alive," Karr said, describing the persistent threat. Joanie Grimes, who farms in Hillsboro, Ohio, has also changed her approach, keeping newborn calves close to barns for several days to reduce risk. "We've been dealing with these birds for 15 years, but keeping calves out of distant fields has made a difference," she told the AP.
The northward spread of black vultures is closely linked to larger environmental changes. Milder winters caused by climate change have enabled these birds to move into northern states. At the same time, human activities have created plentiful food sources, Farnsworth explained. Suburban expansion leads to more roadkill, and predictable cattle birthing seasons offer steady meals. The birds’ intelligence and ability to learn from each other make the problem worse, as groups of vultures share information about where to find food.
To keep the birds at bay, farmers are trying a variety of tactics. Annette Ericksen, who runs Twin Maples Farm in Milton, West Virginia, said she has not lost any animals to vultures but has kept a close eye on them for years. In some places, farmers are experimenting with fake vulture decoys and adjusting grazing patterns. Still, these efforts only provide limited relief. Because black vultures are protected under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act, lethal control is restricted, forcing ranchers to rely on non-lethal deterrents.
This situation underscores the unexpected effects of climate-related ecological changes. As black vultures continue to move north, cattle producers in the U.S. are under increasing pressure to find new ways to coexist. Experts caution that unless broader solutions—such as targeted habitat management or regulatory changes—are implemented, tensions between ranchers and these adaptable birds are likely to grow.
